![]() This rapid increase in the population of algae has detrimental effects on aquatic life triggered by hypoxic waters. ![]() Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are often associated with the eutrophication of coastal waters and estuaries. Nutrient enrichment is known to stimulate phytoplankton productivity, and the continuous accumulation of organic matter can lead to the eutrophication of the system with a series of damaging ecological effects that can also be harmful to humans 6. The effects of eutrophication are further amplified by global climate change 3, 4, 5. Moreover, coastal lagoons are among the most threatened marine ecosystems due to human pressures in the catchment areas, which often result in the release of nutrients that may lead to eutrophication. These areas and their surroundings are often under high anthropogenic pressures and undergo significant socio-economic and environmental changes over the years, being an example of the conflict of interests between the development of human activities and the ecological requirements of the aquatic system 2. Coastal lagoons, as stated by the Habitats Directive of the European Union 1, are designated as endangered areas that require immediate environmental protection. ![]()
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